Un plan d'essai et son introduction

Plan. I. On sovereignty, Brexit has delivered in form: the UK makes its own laws and trade policy, and ended free movement. II. On the promises that mattered most to voters, the record is weak: net migration rose to a peak of 944,000 in 2023 before falling, and the Irish border forced compromises such as the Windsor Framework. III. The real legacy is political: a decade of instability, six Prime Ministers, and a gradual ``reset'' with the EU since 2025 that suggests a new consensus around close cooperation without membership.

Introduction (environ 120 mots) : In June 2016, 51.9 per cent of British voters chose to leave the European Union, persuaded that the country would ``take back control'' of its laws, its money and its borders. Ten years later, the UK is indeed outside the EU, but the promised dividend is hard to find. Net migration soared before it fell, the Irish border required complicated arrangements, and the country has had six Prime Ministers since the vote. Yet judging Brexit only by its economic results would miss what its supporters valued most: sovereignty itself. This essay will argue that Brexit delivered the form of independence it promised, but not its substance, and that its most durable consequence has been political rather than economic.

Ce qui fait la note : une amorce chiffrée et datée, une problématique qui distingue deux critères (la forme et la substance), l'annonce de la thèse. Les chiffres viennent tous de sources citées dans le cours (Electoral Commission, ONS, gov.uk).